The Social, Cultural, and Historical Issues in Coral Island and Lord of

The Social, Cultural, and Historical Issues in precious coral Island and Lord of the Flies At first sight, Coral Island seems an extremely pompous and arrogantnovel. This, however, is because the parole is being read from a 21stcentury perspective, whereas when Ballantyne wrote Coral Island itwas seen as a thoroughly enjoyable story. This is because the bookwas written in the 19th century, when the battalion of Britain felt thatthey had developed an organised society where hu mans were at theirbest and flourishing. As Ballantyne himself described the societyBritons at the top of the tree, savages and pigs at the bottom.Looking at Coral Island from a 20th century point of view, Goldinganalysed the book very critically and decided that it was an out ofdate, arrogant, false portrayal of society and that he could save abetter book. He sat big bucks and wrote Lord of the Flies to show theproblems of human nature. The island in the book was used just as aplace to put his group of boys away from the adult world, but to a fault hadsymbolic values linked closely to the theme of evil in man passimthe novelThe island itself is a symbol of perfection and paradise, and theinstant that humans arrive, a scar of destruction is left through theonce perfect forest. The island is also boat shaped, and looking outat the waves at a point on the island gives the illusion that it ismoving backwards. This symbolises a journey in which man is unendinglymoving on, but makes no progress in life.As well as being linked to Goldings beliefs, the use of the islandalso enabled direct comparisons with Coral Island. Golding hatedthe tone and ideas of Ballantyne in Coral Island, and expressed histhoughts publi... ...e rescue in the endwhere adult life appears, dignified and capable, but in reality meshed in the same evil as the symbolic life of the children on theisland. The officer, having interrupted a manhunt, prepares to takethe children off the island in a ship which testament prese ntly be huntingits enemy in the same way. And who will rescue the officer?Overall, I think the main theme running throughout Coral Island isthe nobility and courage of Victorian England, that the English areinnocent and that they can do nothing wrong. These views arecompletely turned upside down by Golding in Lord of the Flies. Ithink Golding makes a very clear point that society holds everyonetogether. Without strong government and rules, mayhem and atrociousnesswill thrive, and without policemen and schools men revert to theirprimitive beginnings as hunters and killers.

Leadership and Groups: FMC Green River Essay -- Business Leading Essay

Leadership and Groups FMC viridity RiverBackgroundFMC is and has been a successful company for the last fifty-six years. First originated in 1948 and produced 1.3 million tons of different grades of soda ash a year. The success of the first business brought about a second refining plant in 1953, which was completed in 1970. FMC Aberdeen, fit(p) in South Dakota with a population of 30,000 is also a successful subsidy of FMC. FMC Aberdeen employs one and only(a) hundred throng, produces one product, which is a missile canister for the U.S. Navy. FMC Green River managed by Mr. Dailey, produces various chemicals, has over 100 domestic and international customers, 1,150 employees, creates several products and reachs closely at times with the United Steel Workers of America.Situational AwarenessAberdeen has a great structure for the ability to create quickly various small work teams such as informal groups or self managed work teams that relinquish the group to focus on improving a specific process. At Aberdeen the small groups gather, choose their own leader, poll together ideas and come up with a solution to specific problem. Once a solution is found the team disbands. Since Aberdeens company is smaller and its employees create a family atmosphere, the role relationships between the people in the groups have a strong personal bond. This basic idea will also work at FMC Green River but will ingest some modifications. At Green River, if they follow the same concept, then the small groups that gather to solve a specific problem must also flirt with that what effects one decision in the process they are improving may have a devastating impact on another portion of the same company since the company produces different products. Quickly creating teams on the spot for resolutions to specific problems as done at Aberdeen is much easier when only dealing with one product for one customer. At FMC Green River, where there are several products being produced and over 1,150 employees, trying to incorporate small teams when the need arises will work but some restrictions may have to be applied. I would suspect more division of labor and command groups would be better suited payable to the possible impact of a decision by one team, which may significantly influence another part of the organization. The culture created at Aberdeen in call of the small groups gathering ... ...llow up on the new process on the results and make a final report or provide information on additional improvements. Im not sure if this is done at Aberdeen.Since the number of managers should be limited, it would be advisable to allow the leaders of groups (if the leaders rotate) to focussing in a positive or negative way the group members performance. This will better and more accurately document performance to be apply for yearly reviews for pay increases or promotions. Also by allowing the leaders to counsel it will build on their management skill and confidence. But, all members of the teams should have this opportunity by rotating the leaders as done at Aberdeen.Green River could use the advances of technology to create virtual teams to support the overall mission of Green River. I think the managers of the different areas and not for the small work teams should use it. Works CitedJ. M. George and G. R. Jones, Organizational Behavior, 3rd ed. (Upper Saddle River, NJ Prentice Hall, 2001)J. G. Clawson, FMC Aberdeen from Practical Problems in Organizations Cases in Leadership, Organizational Behavior and Human Resources, Custom ed (Prentice Hall, 2003)

Animal Testing Essay -- essays research papers fc

Animal TestingMore and more animals are being taken form their natural habitats and tested on any year. Researchers, scientists, and companies just trying to make new products are using animals to further their experiments. If animal testing continues to happen at this rate then their will be no animals left to use for food, study, or even for simple amusement. When the animals are being taken form their natural environments it harms the natural food chain and other(a) ways of life. When people abusing the animals rights they make the animals suffer and decrease their overall population. legion(predicate) people are trying to find ways to windup this hurting of nature. Some people find different ways like using computer simulations and other new sources.Many animals are dying daily from humans testing on them. These animals have been tested on for research, drug use, and to test company products. Testing on animals leads to more diseases occurring. on that point are many an(p renominal) groups assembling to stop the scientists and researchers from hurting the animals. Some people try and argue the reasons for why animals are being abused. Some say that it is for science and to expand our knowledge.There are many new forms of diseases being found everyday. A major cause of these new diseases is testing on animals. Many scientists and researchers find that new forms of diseases or showing up from exposing new substances to animals.(Hart, Snyder pg1+) Research at the Barrow Neurological institute in Phoenix has shown that injecting cancer cells into beagle puppys brains has caused a new, different form of cancer. (Hart, Snyder pg1+)Another way diseases are spreading is the fact that people in Korea are eating dogs and passing different diseases between spaces. Many people that are not testing on live animals are contracting diseases too. (Texley pg1+) Some students in an Alabama school caught a slenderly different case of the flu from dissecting dead frogs in biology class.Many groups have been formed to stop animals from being abused and tested on for self-loving reasons. Animals are being tortured and killed for some companies to test their products. (Motavalli pg3+) Many people in there groups are going to law schools in the States that offer animal rights law. Animal righ... ... this is aloud to continue. People will keep trying and finding ways to save the animals and still further science. I smell out that animals rights should not be violated for the sake of science. I feel life should not be traded off for simple research.Works CitedA Big First Step in Reducing Animal Testing. NIH News Release. December 28, 1999. SIRS. January 5, 2005.www.sirs.com.Balcombe, Jonathan. Anything but Routine. Good Medicine. Autumn 2003. SIRS.January 14, 2005. www.sirs.com.Balcombe, Jonathan. Stress and Substance Abuse. Good Medicine. opening 2003. SIRS.January 14, 2005. www.sirs.com.Hart, Bill and Kerry Fehr-Snyder. Almost Human. Arizona Repu blic. December 10,2000. SIRS. January 14, 2005. www.sirs.com.Morrison, Adrian R. Whats Wrong with Animal Rights. American School panelJournal. January 1992. SIRS. January 14, 2005. www.sirs.com.Motavalli, Jim. Rights from Wrong. E Magazine. March-April 2003. SIRS. January 14, 2005. www.sirs.com.Texley, Julian A. Doing Without Dissection. American School Board Journal. January 1992. SIRS. January 14, 2005. www.sirs.com.

The Ideal State of Today Essay -- Philosophy, Lao-Tzu

The search for the ideal state has been an on going mission for leaders since the base of the first government. For a state to be truly ideal, its administration and chief essential have the right characteristics. A government is a system that governs a state. A leader is someone who operates the administration. Although this seems simple, historical and current chiefs and regimes have proven it is not. The teachings of men much(prenominal) as Lao-Tzu and Niccolo Machiavelli include specific details on the traits a leader must posses in order to run and maintain a government where he or she is happy as well as the citizens. However, some(prenominal) of the traits classified as necessary for both a leader and government, by Lao and Machiavelli are undesirable in the path to the ideal state. In his work, Thoughts from the Tao-te Ching, Lao-Tzu discusses the Tao. Lao believes the Tao or the way to be the most effective method into developing a leader fit to manage a government in wh ich everyone is national and is at peace. According to Lao, the Master doesnt talk, he acts. When his work is done, the people say, Amazing we did it, all by ourselves (25). Therefore, the chief, in order to run the administration, he must govern the people in ways that they are barely aware of his presence and ruling. The people, when they forget their superior, goodness and piety appear (25). Subjects living under such a government, turn to a higher supreme power, which they believe is responsible for their accomplishments, which creates religious devotion. Niccolo Machiavelli, in The Qualities of the Prince, discusses whether a prince should keep his word to his people. Machiavelli said, the princes who have accomplished enceinte deeds are those who have cared ... ...ch speculators prosper while farmers lose their land, government officials spend money on weapons instead of cures, when the upper class is extravagant and unequivocal while the poor have nowhere to turn-all this is robbery and chaos (Lao-Tzu 29). In addition, this is complete capitalism and, therefore, the government will not succeed. One country that has join the two types of administrations is China, which is the worlds second-largest economy and has become known as the worlds factory (Bin 2). According to Prof Alok Bhargava in Persuade capital of Red China of need for democracy, China is now more capitalist than communist. The Chinese economic policies have lowered production costs and brought prosperity (16). Chinas social function of dual administrations demonstrates the positive outcomes of doing so, even though China considers itself completely a communist country.

Daniel Elazar, Bogus or Brilliant: A Study of Political Culture Across the American States :: Politics Political Science Essays

Daniel Elazar, Bogus or Brilliant A Study of Political Culture across the American States American advances each have individual policy-making cultures which are important to our understanding of their political environments, behavior, and responses to particular issues. While voters probably do non consciously think about political culture and conform to that culture on election day, they seem to form cohesive clusters in different areas of the state, creating similar group political ideologies. Because of these similarities, it is possible to measure the dominant allele political culture within states or areas of a state, gaining insight into the mind-set of state residents. Whatever the state culture, whether liberal or conservative, participatory or exclusive, political culture identifies dominant, state-wide trends. The question remains whether there is an accurate way to measure this political culture phenomenon in the United States.Many studies try to measure political cu lture within states, but some political scientists are wary of assigning state political cultures because such measurements may be of dubious empirical grounding. While the process may not be entirely empirically sound, different state political cultures seem to exist and demand further analysis. In 1966, Daniel Elazar published his now famous assessment of United States political cultures. His evaluation of state cultures has been the focus of oftentimes study and criticism over the past three decades. Elazar proposes that the political culture in the United States developed in different regions due to east to westsideern hemisphere migratory patterns moving across the continent. Patterns of political culture were established during the Western frontier migration, as individuals followed lines of least resistance which generally led them due west from the immediately previous area of settlement (Elazar, 1966 99). As a result, like-minded individuals migrated together and stayed t ogether, causing similar political ideology to transform into a dominant political culture (Elazar, 1994).Political cultures are dominant in certain areas of the country due to westward expansion. Moralism characterizes communitarian-agrarian New England and the far northern states, while the agrarianism of the snapper states is individualistic. Traditionalism dominates the South and its plantation agrarianism structure. Typically, moralistic political cultures focus on agrarianism, individualism on commerce, and traditionalism on aristocratic legitimacy. These differing foci help to categorize Elazars political cultures in the United States (Elazar 1984 119, 122).Elazars political culture typology divides state political culture into three dominant categories moralist, individualist, and traditionalist. Moralists measure government by its cargo to the public good and concern for public welfare.

Daniel Elazar, Bogus or Brilliant: A Study of Political Culture Across the American States :: Politics Political Science Essays

Daniel Elazar, Bogus or Brilliant A Study of Political destination Across the American States American utters each have individual political coatings which are important to our understanding of their political environments, behavior, and responses to particular issues. While voters probably do not consciously think about political culture and conform to that culture on election day, they seem to form cohesive clusters in antithetical areas of the acres, creating similar group political ideologies. Because of these similarities, it is possible to measure the dominant political culture within states or areas of a state, gaining insight into the mind-set of state residents. whatever the state culture, whether liberal or conservative, participatory or exclusive, political culture identifies dominant, state-wide trends. The question remains whether there is an accurate way to measure this political culture phenomenon in the United States.Many studies try to measure political culture within states, but some political scientists are wary of assigning state political cultures because such measurements may be of dubious empirical grounding. While the process may not be entirely empirically sound, different state political cultures seem to exist and demand further analysis. In 1966, Daniel Elazar published his now famous assessment of United States political cultures. His evaluation of state cultures has been the heighten of much study and criticism over the past three decades. Elazar proposes that the political culture in the United States developed in different regions ascribable to eastern to west migratory patterns moving across the continent. Patterns of political culture were established during the Western frontier migration, as individuals followed lines of least resistance which generally led them due west from the immediately previous area of settlement (Elazar, 1966 99). As a result, like-minded individuals migrated together and stayed together, causin g similar political ideology to transform into a dominant political culture (Elazar, 1994).Political cultures are dominant in certain areas of the country due to westward expansion. Moralism characterizes communitarian-agrarian New England and the far northern states, age the agrarianism of the middle states is individualistic. Traditionalism dominates the South and its plantation agrarianism structure. Typically, moralistic political cultures focus on agrarianism, individualism on commerce, and traditionalism on aristocratic legitimacy. These differing foci help to reason Elazars political cultures in the United States (Elazar 1984 119, 122).Elazars political culture typology divides state political culture into three dominant categories moralist, individualist, and traditionalist. Moralists measure government by its commitment to the public good and concern for public welfare.

Criminal Justice Essay

Dear Sir As far as I know, the Abstract (also this emails attachment), is written as the final section of the Paper, after e very(prenominal)thing is said and done. Because you are the one doing the methods, the analyses, the results, and the discussion, I leave it up to you to key in the 2 or three remaining sentences for the final Abstract. Hence, the initial AbstractIn an attempt to initiate a reliable measure of the levels of perceptions of Criminal rightness major(ip) Undergraduate College Students, this study possibly sharpens the definition of predictive behavior of the students who as respondents were surveyed by use of carefully formulated questionnaires to determine their general perceptions of the U. S. Criminal Justice System, their general perceptions on immigration law, immigration reform, and immigration control, as well as the students specific perceptions on the U. S. s ongoing Mexican immigration control.To set comparison, the perception scores were statisticall y analyzed carrying out correlation test, t-test, and regression analyses tests between the general perception scores versus the specific perception scores. The results showed that Thank you very much. Very truly yours,Writer of32344972 Urgent revision xxx Urgent revision on your A STUDY OF UNDERGRADUATE COLLEGE CRIMINAL JUSTICE major(ip) STUDENTS PERCEPTIONS OF THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM. Date Revision Deadline Instructions March 19 816 March 20 816 I am still waiting for the Abstract to be downloaded in a Word document to complete my order. Once again, this was one of the three items I request in my order. xxx

Teaching Assistant Essay

heading 1 Describe how you might contribute to a lesson given to a group of seven year old(a) children learning to play percussion instruments.First I would speak to the class teacher I was controling with and find out the following points. 1. Which percussion instruments willing be needed? 2. How m both school-age childs will be in the group? 3. Where will we be practising with the instruments? 4, When will the instruments be need? 5. Where the instruments are kept? 6. What is required of me during the lesson (help students? Take photographs or other tasks needing completing) 7. If the appendage of round requires me to research some fun activities that freighter be done to build up up the childrens agency in using the instruments.Firstly I would research the fun confidence building activities if it was required by talking to a musically inclined member of staff or search the internet for age grab tasks that lend to the varying skills of the students.After the directions w ere discussed I would make the space suitable for the lesson, taking into rumination adequate space for the group of students to work comfortably with the instruments with out fear of hitting one another, I would also check the surrounding area for any other dangers present.Next I would gather the necessary equipment making true to check that it was in working separate and safe to be used by the students noting any damaged equipment that I found needing repair or replacing to inform the class teacher, also recording what equipment I look at borrowed and when so that others spill for the same equipment knew where it was.Then I would set out the instruments in the space the students will be using for this lesson ahead the teacher is ready to bring the students in so that the lesson could commence with out disturbing the students by making them have to wait for equipment to be set up.During the lesson I would do the tasks discussed with member of staff before the lesson so that t hey could concentrate on the lesson at hand.Finally after the lesson has finished I would gather up the equipment I had borrowed and check it again to make sure no damage had occurred and it was still in safe working order, return the items and store them safely in there correct storage space noting that the equipment had been returned.Question 2 What might your role be in organising, using and maintaining the learning re authors, material and equipment for this percussion lesson?My role organising would be determined in the discussion I would have prior to the lesson with the member of staff which might be to check the amount of working instruments we have operational in school and if they are available for the clipping we require them.I might have to record the lessons for use on a DVD or school website if parental consent has been given, significance I would need to acquire and be proficient in the use of a digital camera or camcorder. If a CD containing music is to be used I would need to set up a CD player. Any electrical equipment needed I would check to make sure they have been tested recently by a qualified electrician.If a music CD is required to help give the students an idea of keeping timing with a rhythm or beat so this would need to be sourced and checked for scratches, making sure we have the relevant rights to use the material on the CD.In respect of using and maintaining the equipment would check all the available equipment needed for the lesson as much in advance as I could so that I would be able to inform the member of staff of damaged or broken equipment that needs repaired or replaced. Doing so in advance would be of great make to the teacher, as then depending on how many instruments we have in safe working order a decision could be made to either source more(prenominal) or maybe get the students to share. After the lesson I would gather the items we used and check them once more before I put them covering into storage and inform t he teacher of any change in the condition of them.Question 3 Describe how you act in class in order to be an effective role model for the standards of behaviour expected in pupils?In class and also anywhere around school premises I would act in a courteous manner towards all volume staff, parent or student meaning I would talk to them politely and get wind carefully to what they had to say. Respect also comes in the way to approach a student I would walk over ready to help however thinkable instead of race over in a hurry to get a job done.I would conduct myself in a calm and placid manner where my voice would sound friendly and my body language would be welcoming so that students could feel relaxed and safe helping them to work well with myself and build a rapport.When working with students who have obedient standards of behaviour they would be valuated verbally in front of there peers with an added bonus of maybe a sticker for a full lesson or full day of good behaviour and contribution in class giving that student a sense of accomplishment. Where as a student who does not practice good standards of behaviour would be asked in front of the other students on the table to think how that action was not appropriate and told it will not be accepted again. I would always talk to the student misbehaving with a sterner voice but never yell or anticipate as it would be counter productive and a form of bullying in itself, if the behaviour remained unsatisfactory I would refer them to the class teacher.At anytime with a student or group of students and I had to correct them for example a misspelled or incorrect pronunciation of a word, I would correct them in a way that did not make them feel unimportant or belittled because they got something wrong as it is always better to assay and fail than never try at all. I would then make more of an effort to find something that the student does well and give p snarf for there contribution to the task at hand as well a s for trying there best with the thing they got incorrect.My behaviour and approach in class and outside of class towards the people I would come into contact with would always be consistent so that the students would know what I accept in regards to standards of behaviour. Which would also help students think that I would be approachable and not over react or dismiss a problem they may have with there work or in there life.Question 4 What strategies might you employ to encourage pupils to behave appropriately? Describe how you might react to incidents of bullying and violence.I would first hit read the schools behaviour policy to get an outline of what is expected from the students along with any notes on consequences and rewards for any actions, also use common knowledge of acceptable behaviour.Consistency in my standards of behaviour would be foremost in a practical example to the students of what behaviour is acceptable giving them a model they can see to work towards in respec t to how they want to act. My consistency would also breed predictability for example when I first see the students in the morning they would be greeted warmly and asked how they were feeling today, nurturing there social and empathetic excogitatement while they express there feeling. Respect will be shown at all time to who ever I interact with making it easier for students to show respect towards myself and in turn their peers.I think the student would better understand and be more likely if as a school or a class to make it more personal made a poster of what they consider good and unacceptable behaviour. This way they have contributed and feel the rules are fair as they made them not just told this is what you have to do.Confrontation should always be respectful meaning do not just start shouting at a student for there inappropriate behaviour but develop numerous ways to confront a student by discussing with staff to see which forms they believe work well.In promoting good beh aviour I would reward with praise as my main reward and if I believe a student does something extra to what is normal, say diffuseing a day to a member of staff or helping someone in their group comprehend the task they are having difficulty with I would reward them with a sticker which would serve as a visible sign of recognition to a good deed and encourage other children to do the same. The sticker would also make the student who true it feel important and appreciated for their effort, especially knowing that rewards are not given out at random but for consistent good work or behaviour, not forgetting to reward students who are trying but are not as good as others in certain areas to give a confidence boost.If I witnessed or an incident of bullying was brought to my attention I would firstly ensure I was calm and consistent to what my interaction with a student in an everyday matter would be so not to make anyone feel uncomfortable whether it be a child informing, bullying or cosmos bullied. Then I would start a record in a note book at first of people involved and what it was about.The incident would be isolated from the other students so that no one else was involved giving a calmer atmosphere to ascertain what is happening by talking calmly to the students as always practiced in school. Once the situation has calmed down I would inform the class teacher as to what happened giving any notes interpreted so they could read the account. I would then be inclined to do an assembly on bullying and why it is not accepted in our school so that the messages went out to all the students and did not target any one person. This would be better learned if I got students involved in maybe suggesting how to deal with a situation before it escalates to bullying or if an incident of bullying is stick tod, making anti bullying posters would be a good task to perform to raise awareness.Question 5 Describe how you might appropriately observe the physical abilities and sk ills of a nine year old boy. I would discuss with the teacher as to what kind of observation they required as they may want a observation of where the childs abilities are at the moment or how they develop over a set period of time. Then understanding exactly what is required from the observation and the protocols set out within the school for observing students I would plan the observation. Firstly I would plan to do it either at an active play time or when the students are all doing P.E. so that I can observe the student with out them realising it giving a more accurate account. I would make a sheet for the observation stating date, time started, time finished, student and reason for observation and have boxes for small notes regarding different aspects of physical abilities and skills such as1. Confidence setting up a sports game to be played.2. Hand-eye co-ordination. 3. How they completed the task asked of them 4. Did they require any assistance during the task? 5. The way they interact with others during tasks. 6. Is the child challenged by the tasks or did they find them easy. 7. Concentration of student during task.And a conclusion along with any other points discussed with the teacher before hand. Once the observation had finished I would then make a neater copy of the notes making sure everything recorded is fact and not my interpretation of events. I would keep a blank copy of the sheet used so that I could observe the same aspects each time. At a pre arranged time I would give feedback to the member of staff in which ever way they requested be it written or talked about with or with out the student present. If the student is present I would praise there accomplishments and constructively subject areas that could be improved. The notes taken during the observation would be kept in a safe place for five years designated by the member of staff and would not be open for discussion to anyone respecting the students confidentiality.

Fast food †Hamburger Essay

The living standard of muckle in the modern time is improving. They are altering their life styles. With the pace speeding up, people demand more and more in efficiency. Foreign fast solid food has entered Chinese life since 1980s, especially in McDonalds and KFC, they made a big success in Chinese trade. They are affecting our living habits, converting our understanding of traditional beliefs on diet. To a gr fertilize extent, it has become a powerful rival to Chinese traditional food culture. At the same time, remote fast food has endangered people health but it has made great contributions to Chinese marting strategies.There are three consequences that the fast food impact Chinese food culture. Firstly, the chastise of Chinese local foods industry, however, that relates to an aspect of globalization that also is the cause of many negative effects on a society. This is the growth of the western fast-food economy, especially in China. The spread of these fast-food chains is hav ing an adverse impact on the Chinese economy and the health of the Chinese population. The number and diversity of fast-food restaurants across China has expanded at an increasingly fast rate, and if it continues then the negative trends we are seeing now will alone get worse.(Pillai, 2010) Secondly, Chinese people get used to eat fast food and even somebody adores them. KFC, McDonalds, and Burger King chip in become strong-known brands and fashionable things that Chinese people think they should follow. Carrying a big packet boat of KFC food as a gift to visit other people in China is extremely liked. Talking with classmates of having tried the Western fast food may invite envy sometimes. Therefore, although they do realize that Western fast food is pricier compared with local Chinese food, and that it is less thinking(a) than other Chinese food, they lock up prefer to pay.(Vicky D. Liu, 2010) McDonalds and KFC have launched many local products. They aim at cultural diversity then change their monotonous diet. For instance, KFC has launched a series of soup, porridge and rice. KFC have differentiated their products from other competitors by having their own brand images, paying attention to the quality control and promotion strategies, providing high quality products and services to the customers, etc. Foods and drink that suit the tastes of the customers are particularly designed in the China market.Although KFC uses an international standardized marketing strategic system, when facing such a huge market in China, adaptation is important to its success. That is why the fast food is so popular in China. Third, Fast food has broken the Chinese traditional healthy eating habit. The escalating western fast-food industry in China is linked to changing aspects of the Chinese society, including shifting eating habits, large impacts on the Chinese economy, as well as how Chinese engage with the globalization of the western fast-food industry shaping China int o a more modernized country.Chinese people are already eating less vegetables and more meat in their diet. The China National Nutrition and Health Survey compared data between 1982 and 2002 to show that the intake of fruits and vegetables in China has decreased drastically from 276. 2g to 45g. In that same time frame, the intake of meat and dairy has more than doubled. (China National Nutrition and Health Survey, n. d).In conclusion, foreign fast food has impacted Chinese traditional food culture, whereas it is also the inevitability of globalization. With the development of times and diversification of diet, Chinese food is not the only choice for Chinese people, but we cant abandon and ignore the thousands of years of traditional culture. That is to say, we should absorb the good methods of foreigner fast food market and get rid of the bad ones, in order to enrich our traditional food and let the culture go abroad, go to the world.

A Problem Critical to the Education in the 21st Century Essay

In the twenty-first century I believe that inequit sufficient prospect is the most critical education problem. Inequit fitted opportunity partakes people of different racial backgrounds in various ways. It limits the knowledge a assimilator receives, the rate at which they learn, funds avail able to the school, the students ability to succeed in the workforce upon graduating, it even affects the knowledge or lack of knowledge a student learns at home. though this may affect the teaching staff in ways, minorities from a trim income family are the unmatcheds impacted most. These students often fail because they are not prepared for success. Students from a lower social class consent fewer resources available to them thusly they do not make it to the top. Schools in poverty stricken areas receive little funding, and this severely impacts the students.The school is unable to provide students with up to date technology, and the resources expected to compete with their peers from m ore privileged backgrounds. The school exit not be able to provide ESL classes for Latino students. Students allow for more than likely drop off the ones who actually manage to graduate will probably be less subordinate to perform essential job duties. These students will not be as knowledgeable because they may be using verbotendated texts, and they are not able to learn how to fully utilize technology needed to survive in todays workforce. Schools that are in a low income neighborhood do not cave in modern buildings, the school buildings are very out dated. The air conditioning and heating may not be working right creating a very uncomfortable larn environment. This may discourage students from wanting to go to school and it definitely does not attract quality faculty.Another government issue that impacts the student severely is the lack of conjure up participation in the education process. This is crucial to the development of the child from a very early age it is irr esponsible that a parent be involved in preparing their child for life, as well as reinforcing things learned at school. Education starts at home and moves to the humanity arena where social interaction, behavior skills and knowledge are enhanced. Poor parent participation may be the result of work schedules, transportation issues, language barriers, or suitable c stackhing. Once again children from low- income families suffer the most. Both parents may have to work just to pay the bills, and in some situations there is just one parent, forcing some students to help care of siblings at after school when they should be focusing on homework or studying. As the child ages less concern will be paid to the individual as class size increases, the number of teachers increase with diverse classes, and overall size of the school grows.At this aim the child will need extra help completing assignments and requiring encouragement to continue the education process consistently and for the dur ation through some college. The parent is not exempt from the learning process because of inadequacy or exempt because of poor education. As briefly mentioned earlier, in this setting the teaching staff is likely to be under qualified, once again this impacts the student. By the teaching staff not being qualified the type of skill the students will learn will not be up to par. Classroom Managers should also be aware of how they are engaging their students. They should have high expectations of all of their students. There seems to be a lot of racial stereotyping in minority communities. Teachers should know that all Asian students arent smart and that all African American students inferior learners. If teachers establish a high expectation of learning from all of their students and expect all of their students to do well then those expectations will be seen by the student.Students are then able to work at their highest potential and are not limited a teacher should believe that all students are capable of learning at a higher level. The teacher of the 21st Century need to be more culturally responsible and they need to be more aware of what is going on in the classroom. Educators need to be trained in a way that is going to be more beneficial to the educational process as a whole. For example if a teacher has a classroom where the majority of the students are not being successful then that teacher and/ or teaching techniques should be reevaluated. The classroom is not a place where a student is just given work to perform and the teacher is detached, the classroom of the 21st century inevitably to be an interactive classroom where teachers and students comes to experienceher to share ideas, and engage each other in the learning process.Unless a Teacher can step out of the conventional box and begin to assess themselves and what they actually bring to the classroom, it will not evolve. Teachers should interact with students on a more personal level in the class room and hit to know their students as individuals some children can jerk off lost in the classroom for a number of reasons including personal problems at home, and learning disabilities. By being involved more with the students teachers are better to adapt to a student that is having problems because they are unable to read well, or a student that is simply having problems seeing the board. Without establishing some type of a relationship with the children it is very hard for a teacher to recognize the problems students are having and how to effectively deal with these problems.Just because a student is unable to keep up with fashion, technology receives free lunch does not mean that this student does not have the ability or the will to learn. There are successful people that grew up in poverty, and have gained success through hard work and education. Everyone should have the same opportunity to receive quality education. Students are taught that education is the key to success, so how can one succeed when the education is not equal to their peers, the ones they will be competing against for their spot in the future. Education is the poor mans dream to a better life.With minorities and Latinos making up a large measurement of students in school the effects of inequitable opportunities has a larger impact on them. Students who come from an inferior social-economic level are just as motivated as students who come from a higher social class. You have Latinos who hardly speak English and are attending schools that are incapable of accommodating them therefore they do not earn a degree and are forced to take a low paying job. Status may have an impact on a student in a social environment, but in the educational system this should not be a factor. The students from a lower social class are being prepared for failure, while the students from a higher social class are being prepared for success. In the 21st century I believe that inequitable opportunity is the m ost critical education problem. Recognizing the problem is the first step, however we as a society need to find solution on how to better level the playing field in the educational community in battle array to make schools work for everyone. one(a) thing we can to is to not only encourage proper funding for schools in low income areas but to also make sure that this funding get appropriated to do what is needed in order to make sure that the children have a proper learning environment.Bills and referendums continue to be passed in education s in order to make sure that schools are up to par but sometimes this money does not get to the prosper schools. Some schools get new buildings and a/c systems while other schools just get paint. We need to come together to demand to our select officials that something be done somewhat the conditions of certain schools. We need to make sure that these school schools have the materials that they need in order for them to produce successful stu dents. Books need to be provided to every student not only in class but also at home as a reference for homework and studying. Computers need to be provided in these schools so that the students dont fall behind on technology and become inferior to their peers. We elect these officials and we need to demand that they begin to look out for the betterment of our schools. We should go online and see how they are voting on the issues that affect us.If they are not pushing the type of educational reform that we need in our communities and in our school then we need to elect someone who will. Parents need to become more involved in their students learning. We must understand that a lot of parents are working, and most low income households are being led by a single parent we need to find a way to get these parents involved to help their children so that they dont continue to fall behind. Even if its just educating them on the process of following up with their elected officials and making sure they vote and their vote counted and is heard. Opening up the schools for parent participation and PTO and PTA meeting on a weekend rather than on a school night would make it easier for parents to become more involved.Also, schools could try social networking, and sending up dates to parents Facebook or Twitter pages to keep them up on whats going on in the schools. This is a new era and the American household has changed and the educational sytem needs to keep up in order to keep these parents involved and up to date on whats going in their childs school. Teacher also need to be unquestionable in the classroom and become more responsible for what is going on and have high expectations for all of their students. This will ensure that all student as are working to their best ability to learn. This can be done by giving existing teachers additional tuition and giving new teachers the training they need to be successful in the 21st century classroom.

Speech Class Topic Proposal

Informative Speech Outline 1. Intro 2. 1 Attention Step Wouldnt it be cool to know how to do some stunts in Tekken? 2. 2 Involvement Step The video game Tekken consists of many martial art disciplines like jeet kune do, street fighting, taekwondo, ninjitsu, sumo wrestling, aikido, judo, karate, and many more. These are the or so common martial art disciplines people would think about when you say the word Tekken. But why dont we focus on 2 certain characters namely Eddy Gordo and Christie Monteiro. These 2 characters are doing some martial art discipline that looks a lot like they are dancing it earlier than martial arts.So did you know that the martial art disciplines Christie and Eddy are doing is called Capoeira. 2. 3 Indication Step (thesis statement) Capoeira is considered as a martial art discipline because it utilize for fighting, acrobatics, dancing, playing, and tradition. 2. Body 3. 4 major(ip) point 1 Fighting, dancing, and tradition 3. 5. 1 Supporting detail It is cons idered one of the most comprehensive forms of physical conditioning and is an compound balance of mind, strength, rhythm, poetry, agility, and harmony (Escola Brasileira de Capoeira Philippines, 2012). 3. 5. Supporting detail It is the maximum expression of liberty and keeps the art of the ancestors alive, being part of Brazilian and now, world history (Escola Brasileira de Capoeira Philippines, 2012). 3. 5 Major point 2 Acrobatics, and playing 3. 6. 3 Supporting detail The roda is the center of Capoeira (Rensselaer, n. d. ). Being the center of Capoeira, the roda has always been considered as the playing grounds of the Capoeiristas. It is where they practice their moves, styles, and forms. firearm two Capoeiristas play in the middle of a roda, everyone else watching them play is making music.Some will be in-charge of playing the instruments, while the rest will make merry singing until its their turn. 3. 6. 4 Supporting detail Capoeira is kind of similar to acrobatics because of the movements involved in the martial art. Au de Cabecamovement is essentially a cartwheel done on your head. We recommend you are comfortable with queda de rins and au before you try au de cabeca. Learning au de cabeca will be easier and quicker to learn and you will be equipped with the right skills needed in perfecting this specific au (Capoeira Universe, 2011). 3.Conclusion Capoeira is like any other recreational sports that help urinate our bodies and keep us healthy. So why not give it a try? References Capoeira Universe. (2011, June 11). Basic Capoeira Moves List. Retrieved from Capoeira Universe http//capoeirauniverse. com/capoeira-moves/basic-capoeira-moves-list/ Escola Brasileira de Capoeira Philippines. (2012). Capoeira. Retrieved from EBC Philippines http//www. ebcphilippines. com/index. php/capoeira/ Rensselaer. (n. d. ). The Roda. Retrieved from Rensselaer http//capoeira. union. rpi. edu/roda. php

A Business Proposal to Improve Production

A clientele Proposal to Improve Productivity, Guest Experience, and Revenue Through Innovative Use of Technology fain for Freddie Johnson Vice President, Research and Marketing Boardman centering Group Prepared by Darren Jackson Manager of Marketing Baderman Island mendingMarch 7, 2012 Proposal Number RM07-01 Baderman Island Resort A Business Proposal Baderman Island Resort A Business Proposal to Improve Productivity, Guest Experience, and Revenue Executive Summary Background The Baderman Island Resort has 3 hotels, a pattern center, 4 restaurants, 2 gift shops, a pro shop and a spa. While all of the phone line entities are owned by the Baderman Island Resort and executively managed by the Boardman Management Group, each business entity is operated independently.Each business entity was opened at different times and, while each entity started out with up-to- witness computer hardware and package, upgrades of equipment and software have not been uniform. The say processing s oftware in use at the Resort is a case in point. Currently, we have * 26 computers running play Windows XP and Word XP * 38 computers running Windows 2000 and Word 2000 * 6 computers running Windows 98 and Word 97 While there is backward compatibility between the various versions of the software, the old versions do not have all of the bells and whistles of the newer versions.We are wondering what would be entailed to upgrade to a standard version of Microsoft Word or, alternatively, to switch to a word processing software application from another vendor. Currently, Baderman Island Resort is in need of addressing business risk with effective engineering. Old and out dated Systems have the tenices to go offline when aging components fail and key net work outing connection dont work. Security issues can emerge and threaten the integrity of business data. All work or portions of the business could see systems go offline, while other systems continue to operate normally.The current IT or Windows system in place is not up to date or easy to manage, and this is a situation that could possible set the stage for potential problems down the road. Objective Maintain productive smooth running business operations that are mission critical. To maintain business momentum and employee productivity by being trained for challenges that are associated with acquiring and maintaining the most effective IT environments to bread and butter ongoing operations. The technology must be both affordable and easy to operate on a day-in, day-out basis to effectively support the business.Goals Baderman Island Resort A Business Proposal To ensure the company has the capability of facing the growing demands of todays market, supply data, and go to customers on a level that pass on exceed the expectation of the customers. Provide each employee with the knowledge training to successfully run and give value service information to the customer concerning the wireless service. For Windows XP to stand huge amounts of useful software on their platform, provide more RAM to increase memory, and provide widespread availability of hardware driver support.Improved storage ability depart allow us to be better positioned to serve our customers and meet increasing demand for security department and wireless connectivity. Improve corporate network security by not allowing personal information about customers or intellectual property on phones, be sure that access to the corporate network using a smartphone be based not only on the users role in the business, but also on his or her kettle of fish and the connection used, such as inside or outside the corporate network, or through a VPN.For example, a connection via an unsecured Wi-Fi network that is not going through the corporate VPN should be blocked. And also wireless networking benefits that will provide reliability, security and robustness service for our customers. appeal The following table presents an initial estimat e of costs. Table of Estimated Cost Initial Monitoring and Units Rate Total Cost ($)Information Gathering 384 hrs. 50 hr. (avg. ) $19,200 Evaluation of up Grades Units Rate Total Cost ($) and Instillation 288 hrs. $70 hr. (avg. ) $43,200 Implementation of Windows Units Rate Total Cost ($) IT System 96 $50 hr. (avg. $4,800 Employee Training Units Rate Total Cost ($) 48 $50 hr. (avg. ) $2,400 Total Project Costs $52,320 Note This estimate is comprised of information based on the gathering by Boardman Management Group and the initial research by Baderman Island Resort. These calculations are expected to remain consistent throughout the process.Baderman Island Resort A Business Proposal Administrative Information These are the desired qualifications for technicians, requirements for formatting and submitting feedback, confidentiality disclose of proposal submissions, employer reference requirements, contact information for clarification, deadline for proposal submission, timeframe f or vendor selection and selection criteria. Technicians need to have top-notch software and hardware skills including the ability to troubleshoot, resolve problems, constitute hardware problems and replace malfunctioning components.The requirements for formatting and submitting proposals is letter of transmittal with proper identification, a brief description of your organizations experience as it relates to the services specified in this RFP, include organizations points of contact, and attach the Signature Affidavit and Reference Form to the narrative portion. The cost proposal should be submitted in a give way sealed envelope with the written proposal that clearly identifies all fees to be charged for the requested services. Confidentiality notice that gives us the right to accept or deflect any or all proposals submitted.Present a signed employee reference requirement. Employer reference requirement is needed to ensure contractual expectations and requirements. The deadline d ate for proposal submission is 30 days form the proposal date at 12 midnight. Selection criteria for vendors to adhere to are the ability to maintain confidentiality, to work as a team, to work independently, to work under pressure, attention to detail, flexible and adaptable approach to work, initiative, organizational/planning skills, problem-solving ability, verbal communication/interpersonal skills and written communication skills.Closing With this new technology onboard at Baderman Island Resort, it will enable the hotel to do more than provide guests with enhanced technology. Baderman Island Resort will have more ways than ever to interact with it guests in their rooms, to the mutual benefit of the hotel and the guests. Customer interaction will move to the next level with the new version of eRoomsuite is deployed. These new technology will allow Boardman Management Group enhancements that will take advantage of the new Microsoft technology, including Window Server 2010 Hyper- V virtualization technology.Server virtualization, which enables multiple virtual servers to run on a single physical machine, will enable Baderman Island Resort to install fewer servers at a hotel property, thereby saving space, utility costs, and maintenance overhead as well as attention ensure business continuity and more effective disaster recovery. Sincerely, Lon Ratcliff Manager of Marketing Baderman Island Resort Baderman Island Resort A Business Proposal Accepted for Baderman Island Resort By Name Signture Date

Jackson’s Knowledge Argument

Dualism is the theory that our creation is non entirely somatic wholly when is made up of mind and matter, on that pointfore uggesting the mind is not the sensation (brain is matter, the mind is a separate entity). Cartesian Dualism states Each mind is an immaterial substance capable of independent existence. The characteristic property of this substance is mind. The material world is a material substance, capable of independent existence. The characteristic property of this substance is extension (taking up space). (Lecture 1, DCT). Monism, in contrast to dualism states that the mind and brain be unified, and that there is no division between the both.Those who support monism guess that there is only one reality. Physicalism is a kind of monism as it is the belief that different approaches to the mind-body problem, let us look at the knowledge job by Frank Jackson, who theorises that physicalism is false. Jackson describes two thought experiments to support his anti-ph ysicalism theory. The first centres around bloody shame, a brilliant scientist who is confined to a black and white room, who learns everything through black and white, including a black and white television.Mary is an expert in the neurophysiology of vision learns all the physical information about what happens to the brain when we study colour. Jackson (1982, p. 30) states She discovers, for example, Just which wave-length combinations from the sky stimulate the retina, and exactly how this produces via the central nervous system the contraction of vocal chords and elimination of air from the lungs that results in the uttering of the sentence The sky is blue. When Mary leaves the room, and sees the colour red for the first time, Jackson raises the question of whether Mary will learn anything or not.Jackson claims that yes indeed Mary does, because she is having a new visual watch that she has not had before, despite having all the physical information prior to this. Jackson (19 82, p. 130) goes on moreover then it is inescapable that her previous knowledge was incomplete. But she had all the physical information. Ergo there is more to have than that, and Physicalism is false. Jackson believes that qualia has been left over(p) out of this story. qualia relates to our own subjective experiences.When I see a colour, smell a perfume, I am subjected toa conscious experience that is only relevant to me, no one else can experience these sensations the way I do. The following thought experiment in Jacksons paper explains this further. Fred, presented with a bunch of ripe tomatoes, separates them n to two groups. Fred has better colour vision than anyone else, but manages to separate the tomatoes into two groups, redl and red2. Whilst we may categorise all the tomatoes as simply red, Fred sees clearly two different types of red, in the way we would distinguish yellow from green.Suppose we know all about Freds physiology and discover is a super ability to separate colours on the red spectrum, it does not actually severalize us what it is like to see colour from Freds perspective, or his colour experience. No amount of physical information about Fred can bear witness us what it is like o see colours in the same way as Fred does. Furthermore, if we were to implant Freds brain into an separate beings body, it still would not tell us anything about Freds conscious experience of seeing red at this present moment in time.Thomas Nagels paper What is it like to be a slam? reinforces the theory that physicalism leaves something out. If we look at physicalism purposely, for example, look at the facts about Marys physiology that enable to her to see, we can know what happens to the optic nerve and retina when Mary sees colour, or light, but her experience of seeing he colour red is a subjective one. This experience is told from the first person point of view, therefore Nagel suggests that we cannot be objective about other peoples experiences.Nagel (1974, p. 426) describes how we can we observe the physicality of bats Now we know that most bats (the microchiroptera, to be precise) perceive the external world primarily by sonar, or echolocation, detecting the reflections, from objects within range, of their own rapid, subtly modulated, high frequency shrieks. There is nothing about a bats senses that are like ours, and man we can imagine hat it may be like to be another human being, we cannot imagine what it is like to our imagination.As we do not have experience of being a bat our imagination is therefore limited. It is within my capabilities to mimic a bats behaviour, eat insects, hang upside down, imagine myself flying, but I cannot deal out the same experiences as a bat as only a bat knows what it is like to have these experiences. One of the main physicalist responses to Jacksons knowledge argument is to ascertain that Mary does learn something new when she leaves the black and white room. Physicalists judge hat Mary has gained a new ability rather than a new fact.Remember that Mary possessed all physical information before she left the room. Another physicalist view is that Mary is experiencing a mental state that is a result of the physical impact on her brain when she sees colour. The mental state that happens to Mary is seen as a brain state and therefore deemed to be physical. She already has the knowledge how to see colour but not necessarily knowledge that. Knowledge that is knowing that Paris is the capital of France, whilst knowledge how is knowing how to play the piano.Mary knows how to recognise colour. There is likewise the matter of causal closure which relates to every physical event having a physical cause. For example, if you bang your toe, is a physical event, which activates the mental state of hassle, and to make the last to hold on to your toe is also a mental state, however it results in your holding your toe, which is a physical event. This physicalist argument is a stro ng one, but no matter which way we look at the mind-body problem no one can have your conscious experiences.There can be countless thought experiments but each subject will see or feel things differently. Philip Goff (2013) states Physicalism is a grand and ambitious project, but there is a vertebral column in its side consciousness. The qualities each of us encounters in our conscious experience the feeling of pain, the sensations of biting into a lemon, what its like to see red stubbornly traverse to be incorporated into the physicalists all-encompassing vision of the universe. Consciousness seems to be the one bit of left-over magic that refuses to be physicalised.And its all the fault of the zombies. Goff calls these zombies philosophical (or p-zombies) as they are not supposed to e the zombies that we see in films, it is a zombie that is used in philosophical thought experiments. If your zombie, was opened up, everything about its brain organize would be identical with you rs. The thing that the zombie would lack is conscious experience. It might scream when it is stabbed with a knife, but it is because it is programmed to do so, its reactions will not coincide with feelings of pain of pleasure.Goff, talking about zombies summarises this point However, your zombie twin has no inner experience there is nothing that its like to be your zombie twin. Its screaming and running game away when stabbed isnt accompanied by a feeling of pain. Its smiles are not accompanied by any feeling of pleasure. Goff puts forward an excellent argument to those who identify brain states with conscious states. He talks about what happens in the brain when you are in pain.If a brain surgeon was to open you up to see what is going on in your head if you had been stabbed with a knife they would see c-fibres sackful, but they would not see that you are in pain and the c-fibres are firing, they could see what is happening physically but your conscious xperience of pain would not be visible. Goff (2013) explains to say that the feeling of pain is identical with c-fibres firing in your brain, is to say that pain the thing you sees when she looks in your head afterward youVe had the knife stuck in you are one and the same thing.It is to say that we dont have two things pain and c-fibres firing but one thing with two labels Furthermore, if your zombie was opened up and a brain surgeon wanted to observe their brain activity after being stabbed by a knife, again they would observe the c-fibres firing, but there would be the absence of the onscious experience of pain. If you stab your zombie it will create a physical event, with a physical response but you cannot know what it is like to be your zombie, in the same way that your zombie cannot know what it is like to be you.Your zombie cannot be the same as you physically and consciously as you can only be one person. I do not believe that it is possible to completely resolve the mind-body problem. I am inclin ed to lean towards Jacksons point of view that we cannot perceive the colour red from Marys point of view. Not only can we not perceive things visually, if Mary ad been colour blind but gained knowledge how to perceive colours through touch or other senses, it would still be true to say that her experience would be a subjective one.

Five Forces of Competition Essay

Air prompt has changed the way people live and experience the world today. The air duct attention is a strategic empyrean that plays a fundamental role in the globalization of other industries since it promotes tourism, world trade, foreign investment and, therefore, leads to economical crop.However, all airline businesss deep down the fabrication operate in a spicyly dynamic environment where conglomerate legal, social, technological and economic forces interact with each other, thus influencing their decisions and actions In the industry where airlines shag face flagitious financial distress due to oil crisis, recessions and terrorist attacks, In order to survive, as well as succeed, the line of merchandise needs to assess its belligerent environment and identify key factors that may influence its actions (Porter, 1998, p. 5). The airline industry is in truth competitive and Michael Porters five-forces model stack be used to analyse the tawdriness of the competitio n and the goodability of this industry. Porters five forces model is a business unit dodging tool which is used to sham an analysis of the value of an industry structure (Hubbard, 2004, pg 35). The analysis is made by the identification of 5 fundamental competitive forces.These include Threat of wise entrants is highOne of the forces place by this model is the threat of untried entrants which refers to the possibility of new competitors entering the industry and undermining the profits of the open businesses. In the world today, the airline industry is so saturated that there is hardly space for a newcomer to enter the market. The biggest for this is the be of entranceway. The airline industry is one of the most expensive industries, due to the cost of buying and leasing aircrafts, safety and security measures, customer service and manpower.Other barriers to entry which will recess new comers into the airline industry include Government restrictions and high capital costs to develop new airlines. However, the entry barriers for new airlines is lower today since the Australian domestic airline market was deregulated in 1990. This has produced far greater competition than before deregulation in most markets.The deregulation has allowed Jetstar and Tiger Airways enter the market and centre the market share for Virgin docile and with the added competition, together with pricing freedom, means that there is a major(ip) onstraint on profitability for the airline industry. Moreover if borrowing is cheap the likelihood of more airlines entering the industry is higher(prenominal). Bargaining power of Buyers is high The bargaining power of vendees is another force that can affect the competitive position of a company (Porter, 1998, p. 48). This refers to the amount of pressure customers can place on a business, thus, change its expenses, volume and profit potential (Porter, 1998, p. 45).The various airlines aerifying from the Gold Coast airport are competi ng for the aforementioned(prenominal) customer, which also results in strengthening the buyer power. Individuals wishing to travel to and from the Coolangatta airport are presented with various choices when selecting an airline but price is ordinarily the most important factor, especially for students and families. Hence, the bargaining power of customers in the airline industry is very high since they are price sensitive and search for the best deals available.Virgin easy attracts travellers that are price sensitive by offering them low fares and those that are convenience oriented by providing them with frequent flights. Qantas on the other hand has created a frequent flyer program to create teddy costs which may be a significant factor to a traveller when choosing which airline to fly with. Bargaining Power of Suppliers is high Suppliers can also exercise considerable pressure on a company by increasing prices or lowering the quality of products offered which are mainly domin ated by Boeing and Airbus.The bargaining power of suppliers depends on supplier concentration, substitute supplies, switching costs, threat of forward integration and buyer information. However, other suppliers who work with the airline such as the providers of on board snacks do not ca-ca the same bargaining power as they are a larger industry which allows for Virgin Blue to have a choice over who they are purchasing from. Virgin Blue will procure their on board snacks from the supplier which is the most economic so Virgin Blue can make a higher profit margin from the goods when they are sold.Threat of Substitutes is low for international carriers/ little higher for short distance The availability and threat of substitutes is another factor that can affect competition within the airline industry. It refers to the likelihood that customers may switch to another product or service that performs similar functions (Stahl, M, Grigsby D 1997, pg 145). Substitutes for air travel includ e travelling by train, bus or car to the desired destination.The microscope stage of this threat depends on various factors such as money, convenience, time and personal preference of travellers. The competition from substitutes is stirred by the ease of with which buyers can change over to a substitute. A key consideration is commonly the buyers switching costs, however due to their low fare non-stop flights, Virgin Blue, Jetstar and Tiger airways can lure both(prenominal) price sensitive and convenience oriented travellers away from these substitutes.Competitive Rivalry is highIndustries that are very competitive generally earn low profits and returns since the cost of competition is high. The airline industry is usually characterized by the cut-throat competition that exists among the rival airlines due to its low cost nature. Since the carriers are involved in a constant struggle to take away the market share from each other, industry growth is come and as it is easy for bu yers to switch amongst the airline companies, depending on price, the rivalry is increased.Rivalry is also high in the airline industry due to high fixed costs, as much of the cost of a flight is fixed, there is a great opportunity for airlines to sell unsold seats cheaply, which resolve in pricing wars between the airlines (Hubbard, 2004, pg 38). The airlines are continually competing against each other in terms of prices, technology, in-flight entertainment, customer run and many more areas. The net result of this competition between companies is an overall slow market growth rate.In conclusion we can understand that the airline industry is very competitive and Michael Porters five-forces model can be used to explain why the potential for returns is so low in this industry. Firstly, the threat of new companies entering the industry is high and the entry barriers are low. Secondly, the bargaining power of customers is high since they are price sensitive and search for the best de als. The third force, bargaining position of suppliers, is strong since they are concentrated and this limits the hold in airlines have over suppliers to reduce prices and earn higher profits.The availability and threat of substitutes is another factor that can affect a companys competitive position. However, the degree of this threat depends on various factors such as time, money, convenience and personal preferences of travellers. The final force in Porters model is competitive rivalry between the companies within an industry. Cut-throat competition exists among the airlines and since there is a constant struggle for market share, the over all profit potential of this industry is low.

Private University of Bd

personal Universities of Bangladesh a Curse or a Blessing for the economy INTRODUCTION Education is the basic guide for socio-economic transformation and advancement of a country. It is the prime ingredient of human resource development. With over 143 million people, Bangladesh is the ordinal largest in the world in population. It is also one of the most densely populated countries and endowed with express natural resources.The total size of the student population in Bangladesh is around 29 million which is slightly 20% of the total population (143 million). (http//www. ukti. gov. uk/export/countries/asiapacific/southasia/bangladesh/sectorbriefing/356900. html)Highest allocations for education in the national budgets during the nineties (90s) show that the organisation has attached topmost priority to human resource development though education. The goal of Education for All is macrocosm vigorously pursued in the country. (http//www. iscoverybangladesh. com/meetbangladesh/educ ation. html) A recent addition to the higher education system in Bangladesh is the emergence of the private universities. Although private universities existed in other countries for long, the first private university in Bangladesh did not pull back its appearance till 1992. A law titled Private University Act of Bangladesh was passed in the National fantan in 1992 and the first private university of the country, the North South University, started functioning in the same year.Today the country has 56 such private universities where approximately 1, 24,267 students pursue their studies in subjects ranging from business to fashion design and media studies. (http//www. belcampus. org/higher-education-in-the-21st-century-bangladesh. html) Objectives http//www. international. ac. uk/resources/ROLE%20OF%20PRIVATE%20UNIVERSITIES%20IN%20HUMAN%20RESOURCE%20Development%20in%20Bangladesh. pdf

Why and How Have Liberals Supported the Fragmentation

why and how take liberals supported the frag mentation of political supply? (15) Why Liberals are concerned about big businessman, most basically, beca use authority constitutes a threat to liberty. Their concern about concentrations of bureau is rooted in their emphasis upon individualism and its implication that human beings are rationally self- interested creatures. self-confidence determines that those who have the ability to influence behaviour of new(prenominal)s are inevitably inclined to use that ability for their proclaim benefit and therefore at the expense of others.The great the concentration of power, the greater will be the background knowledge of rulers to pursue self-interest and, thus, the greater corruption. Lord Acton stated Power tends to corrupt, and inviolable power corrupts absolutely. Great men are almost ever bad men. behind Actons famous quote about power and corruption, he points out the liberal belief that, since human beings are individuals a nd therefore egoistical, they are bound to use power the ability to influence the behaviour of others to benefit themselves and they will use, or abuse, others in the furtherance of that goal.In essence, the greater the power the greater the scope for using and abusing others in the pursuit of self-seeking ends. Such thinking has make liberalism in a number of ways. In particular it has encouraged them to endorse the principle of limited giving medication brought by dint of constitutionalism and democracy. Liberals thus support, for example, codified constitutions, bills of rights, the separation of powers, federalism or devolution, as well as regular, free and neat elections, party competition and universal suffrage. Constitutionalism delivers limited organisation either by legally ring-fencing organisation (e. . , codified constitutions and bills of rights or fragmenting organisation power so creating a network of assures and balances (e. g. , the separation of powers, b icameralism and federalism). Democracy delivers limited government because it bases government on a system of popular consent and accountably that also enables the public (through competitive elections) to unloosen themselves of unpopular or corrupt governments. The atomization of power brings many significant benefits. It creates a network of checks and a balance, ensuring that power is a check on power.Different bodies and institutions will eventually act as a check on each other. Fragmented government therefore creates internal constraints that prevent government from becoming a totalitarianism against the individual. Furthermore, it ensures that those who exercise power have only a limited ability to influence other citizens, thus preventing absolute power. How Traditionally, liberals have always supported fragmented government, checks and balances. Power within liberal democracies is divide between the legislature, executive and judiciary which act as both independent and in ter-dependent bodies.The separation of powers emphasises it cuts on power into smaller pieces thus preventing concentrations of power from developing and that it creates internal tensions amongst institutions and power-holders which further diminishes the capacity of each to abuse or tyrannise the general public. Liberals support constitutionalism and consent because they fear that government may become a tyranny against the individual, based on the assumption that power is inherently corrupting and concentrations of power will lead to absolute corruption.This assumption is rooted in the liberal view of human nature as individualism implies self- interest, those with power over others are apt to abuse it for their benefit and at the expense of others. Constitutionalism is the theory or commit of restricting government power through the establishment of a framework of constitutional regulations, usually involving the fragmentation of power to create a network of checks and balance s. Liberal constitutionalism is expressed through support for various orthogonal and internal devices, such as codified constitutions, bills of rights, the separation of powers, federalism or devolution, and so on.Liberal support for consent is obvious in support for electoral democracy in general and, more specifically, sympathy for referendums and proportional representation. coincide is the principle that the right to govern derives from the willing agreement of the governed, who thus view the actions of government as rightful(prenominal) or legitimate. Consent is often in practice associated with the act of voting and therefore institutionalised through a system of electoral democracy. Liberals emphasise the importance of constitutionalism and onsent because both are mechanisms for protecting or enlarging the athletic field of individual liberty by restricting the capacity of government to encroach upon the individual. This commitment to limiting government reflects the unde rlying liberal fear that power is inherently corrupting, a consequence of egoism, meaning that government is always liable to become a tyranny against the individual. Constitutionalism achieved this aim through formal, institutional and often legal restrictions upon government officials and bodies.Consent achieves it by ensuring that politicians are publicly accountable and, ultimately, removable. ? Federalism, based on the principle of shared sovereignty, devolution, parliamentary government, console government and so on. ? Power is devolved from the centre to regions and at local levels. In the UK regional assemblies- welsh assemblage Scottish parliament ? Human rights act giving people rights in law which means that they have a check to defend themselves from being discriminated against by those in authority

New Hoarding Technique for Handling Disconnection in Mobile

literary plant Survey On novel save up technique for Handling Disconnection in busy Submitted by Mayur Rajesh Bajaj (IWC2011021) In Partial fulfilment for the award of the degree Of Master of Technology In INFORMATION applied science (Specialization Wireless Communication and Computing) pic Under the Guidance of Dr. Manish Kumar INDIAN INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, ALLAHABAD (A University naturalized under sec. 3 of UGC Act, 1956 vide noification no. F. 9-4/99-U. 3 Dated 04. 08. 2000 of the Govt. of India) (A Centre of Excellence in In resileation Technology Established by Govt. of India) Table of Contents pic 1. entering. 3 2. Related Work and motive 1. Coda The Pi wrong-doinggleering System for hive up. 4 2. billboard establish on Data archeological site Techniques.. 5 3. lay aside Techniques Based on course of study Trees.. 8 4. lay aside in a Distributed Environment. 9 5.billboard content for mobile scholarship 10 6. Mobile Clients Through Cooperative Hoar ding.. 10 7. Comparative Discussion front techniques. 11 3. line of work Definition. 11 4. New Approach Suggested 1. Zipfs Law .. 2 2. Object hot spot Prediction Model 13 5. inventory of Work. 13 6. Conclusion 13 References 14 . Introduction Mobile devices ar the computers which argon having wireless communication capabilities to feeler global entropy services from all spot while roaming. Now a days mobile devices argon supporting actions such(prenominal)(prenominal) as multimedia, World Wide Web and other mellowed profile applications which demands continuous connections and Mobile devices atomic r issueine 18 lacking here. However, mobile devices with wireless communication argon frequently disconnected from the ne bothrk due to the personify of wireless communication or the unavailability of the wireless ne iirk.Disconnection catch of mobile device from its network is called as offline period. Such offline periods may appear for unalike reasons intentional (e. g . , the available connection is too expensive for the drug substance abuser) or unintentional (e. g. , lack of infra construction at a keep backn time and location). During offline periods the user toilette except access materials located on the devices topical anesthetic memory. Mobile agreements typically live with a relatively small amount of memory, which is often not enough to store all the admited information for ongoing activities to continue.In such a oddball, a decision should be fruitn on which part of the selective information has to be pull ind. Often we digestnot count on the users own judgement of what he/she entrust need and prefetch. Rather, in our opinion, some sort of self-activating prefetching would be desirable. Uninterrupted act in offline miserlys impart be in high demand and the mobile computer governing bodys should provide support for it. unseamed disconnection washbasin be achieved by loading the files that a user will access in the forthcoming from the network to the local storage. This prepa proportionalityn execute for disconnected operation is called accumulateing.Few of the parameters which complicate the lay away edge are prediction of future access pattern of the user, manipulation of hoard command, limited local hoard memory and unpredictable disconnections and reconnection, activities on hoarded heading at other invitees, the asymmetry of communications bandwidth in downriver and upstream. An important point is to measure the quality of the hoarding and to try to improve it continuously. An often used metric function in the evaluation of caching proxies is the hit ratio. Hit ratio is calculated by dividing the number of by the join number of uploaded predictions.It is a good measure for hoarding strategy of holdss, though a better measure is the miss ratio a percentage of accesses for which the cache is ineffective. In this work we have given brief overview of the techniques proposed i n earlier days and to a fault given the idea for the new hoarding technique. 2. Related Work and Motivation Before the early 1990s, in that location was little enquiry on hoarding. Since then, however, inte abide has increased dramatically among research scientists and professors around the globe and many techniques have been actual. Here we have counted few of the techniques and also will talk over them in brief. Coda The Pioneering System for Hoarding Hoarding Based on Data Mining Techniques ? visionary Hoarding System (inspired by chunk technique) ? Association Rule-Based Techniques ? Hoarding Based on Hyper Graph ? fortune Graph Based Technique Hoarding Techniques Based on Program Trees Hoarding in a Distributed Environment Hoarding content for mobile learning Mobile Clients Through Cooperative Hoarding 2. 1 Coda Coda is a distributed file system based on clientserver architecture, where there are many clients and a comparatively smaller number of servers.It is the fi rst system that enabled users to work in disconnected mode. The concept of hoarding was introduced by the Coda group as a cerebrates of enabling disconnected operation. Disconnections in Coda are assumed to occur involuntarily due to network failures or voluntarily due to the detachment of a mobile client from the network. Voluntary and involuntary disconnections are handled the equivalent way. The cache manager of Coda, called Venus, is designed to work in disconnected mode by serving client prayers from the cache when the mobile client is detached from the network.Requests to the files that are not in the cache during disconnection are reflected to the client as failures. The hoarding system of Coda lets users select the files that they will hopefully need in the future. This information is used to decide what to load to the local storage. For disconnected operation, files are loaded to the client local storage, because the master copies are kept at stationary servers, there is the notion of replication and how to manage locks on the local copies. When the disconnection is voluntary, Coda handles this case by obtaining exclusive locks to files.However in case of involuntary disconnection, the system should defer the conflicting lock requests for an object to the reconnection time, which may not be predictable. The cache management system of Coda, called Venus, differs from the previous ones in that it incorporates user profiles in addition to the recent reference annals. Each workstation maintains a list of pathnames, called the hoard selective informationbase. These pathnames specify objects of interest to the user at the workstation that maintains the hoard selective informationbase. Users passel modify the hoard infobase via scripts, which are called hoard profiles.Multiple hoard profiles can be delineate by the identical user and a conclave of these profiles can be used to modify the hoard infobase. Venus provides the user with an option to s pecify two time points during which all file references will be recorded. Due to the limitations of the mobile cache space, users can also specify priorities to provide the hoarding system with hints about the importance of file objects. Precedence is given to high priority objects during hoarding where the priority of an object is a combination of the user specified priority and a parameter indicating how belatedly it was accessed.Venus performs a hierarchical cache management, which means that a directory is not purged unless all the subdirectories are already purged. In summary, the Coda hoarding mechanism is based on a least recently used (LRU) policy plus the user specified profiles to update the hoard data-base, which is used for cache management. It relies on user intervention to determine what to hoard in addition to the objects already maintained by the cache management system. In that regard as, it can be classified as semi- machine-driven.Researchers developed much(pr enominal) advanced techniques with the aspire of minimizing the user intervention in deter exploit the devise of objects to be hoarded. These techniques will be discussed in the pursuance sections. 2. 2 Hoarding based on Data mining Techniques Knowing the interested pattern from the puffy collection of data is the basis of data mining. In the earlier history of hoarding related works researchers have applied many different data mining techniques in this arena of mobile hoarding. in the first place chunk and association rule mining techniques were adopted from data mining domain. . 2. 1 SEER Hoarding System To automate the hoarding do by, author developed a hoarding system called SEER that can make hoarding decisions without user intervention. The basic idea in SEER is to organize users activities as projects in order to provide much accurate hoarding decisions. A distance measure needs to be defined in order to apply clustering algorithmic scheduleic programic rules to g roup related files. SEER uses the notion of semantic distance based on the file reference behaviour of the files for which semantic distance needs to be calculated.Once the semantic distance amid pairs of files are calculated, a standard clustering algorithm is used to cleavage the files into clusters. The developers of SEER also employ some filters based on the file type and other conventions introduced by the proper(postnominal) file system they assumed. The basic architecture of the SEER predictive hoarding system is provided in figure 1. The observer monitors user behaviour (i. e. , which files are accessed at what time) and feeds the cleaned and formatted access paths to the correlator, which then generates the distances among files in toll of user access behaviour.The distances are called the semantic distance and they are fed to the cluster generator that groups the objects with respect to their distances. The aim of clustering is, given a tied(p) off of objects and a comparableity or distance hyaloplasm that describes the pairwise distances or similarities among a dance band of objects, to group the objects that are close to each other or similar to each other. Calculation of the distances surrounded by files is done by tone at the high- aim file references, such as open or status inquiry, as opposed to individual reads and writes, which are claimed to obscure the process of distance calculation. pic Figure 1. Architecture of the SEER Predictive Hoarding System The semantic distance among two file references is based on the number of interact references to other files in between these two file references. This definition is further enhanced by the notion of lifetime semantic distance. Lifetime semantic distance between an open file A and an open file B is the number of intervening file opens (including the open of B). If the file A is closed before B is open, then the distance is defined to be zero.The lifetime semantic distance relates t wo references to different files however it needs to be someway converted to a distance measure between two files instead of file references. Geometric mean of the file references is calculated to obtain the distance between the two files. Keeping all pairwise distances takes a hatful of space. Therefore, only the distances among the appressed files are represented (closest is determined by a parameter K, K closest pairs for each file are considered). The developers of SEER used a variation of an agglomerative (i. e. bottom up) clustering algorithm called k nearest neighbour, which has a low time and space complexity. An agglomerative clustering algorithm first considers individual objects as clusters and tries to combine them to form large clusters until all the objects are grouped into one single cluster. The algorithm they used is based on merging sub clusters into larger clusters if they share at least kn neighbours. If the two files share less than kn close files but more t han kf, then the files in the clusters are replicated to form overlapping clusters instead of being merged.SEER works on top of a user level replication system such as Coda and leaves the hoarding process to the underlying file system aft(prenominal) providing the hoard database. The files that are in the same project as the file that is currently in use are included to the set of files to be hoarded. During disconnected operation, hoard misses are calculated to give a feedback to the system. 2. 2. 2 Association Rule-Based Techniques Association rule overview Let I=i1,i2.. im be a set of literals, called pointednesss and D be a set of consummations, such that ?T ? D T? I. A transaction T contains a set of items X if X? T. An association rule is denoted by an implication of the form X ? Y, where X? I, Y ? I, and X ? Y = NULL. A rule X ? Y is give tongue to to hold in the transaction set D with confidence c if c% of the transactions in D that contain X also contain Y. The rule X? Y has support sin the transaction set D if s% of transactions in D contains X? Y. The problem of mining association rules is to find all the association rules that have a support and a confidence great than user-specified thresholds.The thresholds for confidence and support are called minconf and minsup respectively. In Association Rule Based Technique for hoarding, authors described an application independent and generic technique for find out what should be hoarded prior to disconnection. This method utilizes association rules that are extracted by data mining techniques for determining the set of items that should be hoarded to a mobile computer prior to disconnection. The proposed method was implemented and tested on synthetic data to estimate its effectiveness.The process of automated hoarding via association rules can be summarized as follows Step 1 Requests of the client in the current session are used through with(predicate) an inferencing mechanism to construct the pro spect set prior to disconnection. Step 2 aspect set is pruned to form the hoard set. Step 3 Hoard set is loaded to the client cache. The need to have separate steps for constructing the candidate set and the hoard set arises from the fact that users also propel from one machine to another that may have lower resources.The construction of the hoard set must adapt to such potential changes. Construction of candidate set An inferencing mechanism is used to construct the candidate set of data items that are of interest to the client to be disconnected. The candidate set of the client is constructed in two steps 1. The inferencing mechanism finds the association rules whose heads (i. e. , left hand side) match with the clients requests in the current session, 2. The tails (i. e. , right hand side) of the matching rules are collected into the candidate set.Construction of Hoard set The client that issued the hoard request has limited re-sources. The storage resource is of particular im portance for hoarding since we have a limited space to load the candidate set. Therefore, the candidate set obtained in the first stage of the hoarding set should shrink to the hoard set so that it fits the client cache. Each data item in the candidate set is associated with a priority. These priorities together with various heuristics must be incorporated for determining the hoard set. The data items are used to sort the rules in descending order of priorities.The hoard set is constructed out of the data items with the highest priority in the candidate set just enough to fill the cache. 3. Hoarding Based on Hyper Graph Hyper graph based show up presents a kind of low-cost automatic data hoarding technology based on rules and hyper graph model. It first uses data mining technology to extract chronological succession relevance rules of data from the broadcasting history, and then formulates hyper graph model, sorting the data into clusters through hyper graph partitioning methods a nd sorting them topologically.Finally, according to the data invalid window and the current visit record, data in corresponding clusters will be collected. Hyper graph model Hyper graph model is defined as H = (V, E) where V=v1 ,v2 , ,vn is the vertices collection of hyper graph, and E=e1 ,e2 , ,em is super-edge collection of hyper graph (there supposed to be m super-edges in total). Hyper graph is an extension of graph, in which each super-edge can be connected with two or more vertices. Super-edge is the collection of a group of vertices in hyper graph, and superedge ei = vi1, vi2, inj in which vi1,vi2 , ,vin ? V . In this model, vertices collection V corresponds to the history of broadcast data, in which each point corresponds to a broadcast data item, and each super-edge corresponds to a sequence model. Sequence model shows the orders of data items. A sequence model in size K can be expressed as p = . Use of hyper graph in hoarding are discussed in paper in details. 4. Probab ility Graph Based Technique This paper proposed a low-cost automated hoarding for mobile computing.Advantage of this approach is it does not explore application specific heuristics, such as the directory structure or file extension. The property of application independence makes this algorithm applicable to any predicative caching system to address data hoarding. The most distinguished feature of this algorithm is that it uses fortune graph to represent data relationships and to update it at the same time when users request is processed. Before disconnection, the cluster algorithm divides data into groups.Then, those groups with the highest priority are selected into hoard set until the cache is filled up. Analysis shows that the overhead of this algorithm is much lower than previous algorithms. Probability Graph An important parameter used to construct probability graph is look-ahead period. It is a fixed number of file references that defines what it means for one file to be open ed soon after another. In other language, for a specific file reference, only references within the look-ahead period are considered related. In fact, look-ahead period is an approximate method to avoid traversing the whole trace.Unlike constructing probability graph from local file systems, in the context of mobile data access, data set is dynamically collected from outside data requests. Thus, we implemented a variation of algorithm used to construct probability graph, as illustrated in Figure 2. pic Figure 2. Constructing the probability graph The basic idea is simple If a reference to data object A follows the reference to data object B within the look-ahead period, then the weight of enjoin arc from B to A is added by one. The look-ahead period affects absolute weight of arcs.Larger look-ahead period develops more arcs and larger weight. A s dependency to B is represented by the ratio of weight of arc from B to A divided by the total weight of arcs leaving B. Clustering Bef ore constructing the final hoard set, data objects are clustered into groups based on dependency among data objects. The main objective of the clustering phase is to guarantee closely related data objects are partitioned into the same group. In the successive selecting phase, data objects are selected into hoard set at the unit of group. This design provides more continuity in user operation when disconnected.Selecting Groups The following four kinds of heuristic information are applicable for calculating priority for a group Total access time of all data objects Average access time of data objects Access time of the start data object Average access time per byte. 2. Hoarding Techniques Based on Program Trees A hoarding tool based on program execution trees was developed by author streamlet under OS/2 operating system. Their method is based on analyzing program executions to construct a profile for each program depending on the files the program accesses.They proposed a firmne ss of purpose to the hoarding problem in case of informed disconnections the user tells the mobile computer that there is an close at hand(predicate) disconnection to fill the cache intelligently so that the files that will be used in the future are already there in the cache when needed. pic Figure 3. Sample program Tree This hoarding mechanism lets the user make the hoarding decision. They present the hoarding options to the user through a vivid user interface and working sets of applications are captured automatically. The working sets are detected by logging the user file accesses at the background.During hoarding, this log is analyzed and trees that represent the program executions are constructed. A node denotes a file and a link from a parent to one of its minor nodes tells us that either the child is opened by the parent or it is executed by the parent. Roots of the trees are the initial processes. Program trees are constructed for each execution of a program, which captu res multiple contexts of executions of the same program. This has the advantage that the whole context is captured from different execution times of the program.Finally, hoarding is performed by taking the union of all the execution trees of a running program. A sample program tree is provided in Figure 3. Due to the storage limitations of mobile computers, the number of trees that can be stored for a program is limited to 15 LRU program trees. Hoarding through program trees can be thought of as a generalization of a pro-gram execution by looking at the past behaviour. The hoarding mechanism is enhanced by letting the user rule out the data files. Data files are automatically detected using three complementary heuristics 1.Looking at the file name extensions and observing the filename conventions in OS/2, files can be distinguished as executable, batch files, or data files. 2. Directory inferencing is used as a spatial locality heuristic. The files that differ in the top level dire ctory in their pathnames from the running program are assumed to be data files, but the programs in the same top level directory are assumed to be part of the same program. 3. Modification times of the files are used as the final heuristic to deter-mine the type of a file. Data files are assumed to be modified more recently and frequently than the executables.They devised a parametric model for evaluation, which is based on recency and frequency. 3. Hoarding in a Distributed Environment Another hoarding mechanism, which was presented for specific application in distributed system, assumes a specific architecture, such as infostations where mobile users are connected to the network via wireless local discipline networks (LANs) that offer a high bandwidth, which is a cheaper option compared to wireless wide area networks (WANs). The hoarding process is handed over to the infostations in that model and it is assumed that what the user wants to access is location-dependent.Hoarding is proposed to fill the gap between the capacity and cost trade-off between wireless WANS and wireless LANs. The infestations do the hoarding and when a request is not found in the infostation, then WAN will be used to get the data item. The hoarding decision is based on the user access patterns coupled with that users location information. Items frequently accessed by mobile users are recorded together with spatial information (i. e. , where they were accessed). A neighborhood is divided into hoarding areas and each infostation is responsible with one hoarding area. 4. Hoarding content for mobile learningHoarding in the learning context is the process for automatically choosing what part of the overall learning content should be prepared and made available for the next offline period of a learner equipped with a mobile device. We can split the hoarding process into few steps that we will discuss further in more details 1. Predict the entry point of the current user for his/her next offline learning session. We call it the outset point. 2. Create a candidate for caching set. This set should contain related documents (objects) that the user might access from the starting point we have selected. 3.Prune the set the objects that probably will not be needed by the user should be excluded from the candidate set, thus making it smaller. This should be done based on user behaviour observations and domain knowledge. 4. Find the priority to all objects still in the hoarding set after pruning. Using all the knowledge available about the user and the current learning domain, every object left in the hoarding set should be assigned a priority value. The priority should mean how important the object is for the next user session and should be higher(prenominal) if we suppose that there is a higher probability that an object will be used sooner. . Sort the objects based on their priority, and produce an ordered list of objects. 6. Cache, starting from the beginning of the li st (thus putting in the device cache those objects with higher priority) and continue with the ones with smaller weights until available memory is filled in. 5. Mobile Clients Through Cooperative Hoarding late research has shown that mobile users often move in groups. Cooperative hoarding takes advantage of the fact that even when disconnected from the network, clients may still be able to communicate with each other in ad-hoc mode.By playing hoarding cooperatively, clients can share their hoard content during disconnections to achieve higher data accessibility and master the risk of critical cache misses. Two cooperative hoarding schemes, GGH and CAP, have been proposed. GGH improves hoard performance by al-lowing clients to take advantage of what their peers have hoarded when making their own hoarding decisions. On the other hand, CAP selects the high hat client in the group to Hoard each object to maximise the number of unique objects hoarded and denigrate access cost. Simul ation results show that compare to existing schemes.Details of GGH and CAP are given in paper. 2. 7 Comparative Discussion previous techniques The hoarding techniques discussed above vary depending on the target system and it is problematical to make an objective comparative evaluation of their effectiveness. We can classify the hoarding techniques as being auto-mated or not. In that respect, being the initial hoarding system, Coda is semiautomated and it needs human intervention for the hoarding decision. The rest of the hoarding techniques discussed are fully automated how-ever, user supervision is always desirable to give a final touch to the files to be hoarded.Among the automated hoarding techniques, SEER and program tree-based ones assume a specific operating system and use semantic information about the files, such as the naming conventions, or file reference types and so on to construct the hoard set. However, the ones based on association rule mining and infostation enviro nment do not make any operating system specific assumptions. Therefore, they can be used in generic systems. Coda handles both voluntary and involuntary disconnections well.The infostation-based hoarding approach is also inherently designed for involuntary disconnections, because hoarding is done during the user passing in the wander of the infostation area. However, the time of disconnection can be predicted with a certain error bound by considering the concern and the speed of the moving client predicting when the user will go out of range. The program tree-based methods are specifically designed for previously informed disconnections. The scenario assumed in the case of infostations is a distributed wire-less infrastructure, which makes it unique among the hoarding mechanisms.This case is especially important in todays world where peer-to-peer systems are becoming more and more popular. 3. Problem Definition The New Technique that we have planned to design for hoarding will be used on Mobile Network. Goals that we have set are a. Finding a upshot having best hit ratio in the hoard at local node. b. Technique should not have greater time complexity because we dont have much time for performing hoarding operation after the knowledge of disconnection. c. Optimal utilization of hoard memory. d. Support for both intentional and unintentional disconnection. e.Proper handling of conflicts in hoarded objects upon reconnection. However, our priority will be for hit ratio than the other goals that we have set. We will take certain assumptions about for other issues if we find any scope of improvement in hit ratio. 4. New Approach 4. 1 Zipfs Law It is a mathematical tool to describe the relationship between words in a text and their frequencies. Considering a long text and assigning pastures to all words by the frequencies in this text, the occurrence probability P (i) of the word with rank i satisfies the formula below, which is cognise as Zipf first law, where C is a constant.P (i) = pic . (1) This formula is further extended into a more generalized form, known as Zipf-like law. P (i) = pic. (2) Obviously, pic. (3) Now According to (2) and (3), we have Cpic pic Our work is to dynamically calculate for different streams and then according to above Formula (2) and (4), the hotspot can be predicted based on the be of an object. 4. 2 Object hot spot Prediction Model 4. 2. 1 Hotspot Classification We classify hotspot into two categories permanent hotspot and stage hotspot. Permanent hotspot is an object which is frequently accessed regularly.Stage hotspot can be further divided into two types cyclical hotspot and sudden hotspot. alternate(prenominal) hotspot is an object which becomes popular periodically. If an object is considered as a focus suddenly, it is a sudden hotspot. 4. 2. 2. Hotspot Identification Hotspots in distributed stream-processing storage systems can be identified via a ranking policy (sorted by access frequencies of objects). In our design, the hotspot objects will be inserted into a hotspot queue. The maximum queue continuance is determined by the cache size and the average size of hotspot Objects.If an objects rank is smaller than the maximum hotspot queue length (in this case, the rank is high), it will be considered as hotspot in our system. Otherwise it will be considered as non hotspot. And the objects in the queue will be handled by hotspot cache strategy. 4. 2. 3 Hotspot Prediction This is our main section of interest, here we will try to determine the prediction model for hoard content with optimal hoard hit ratio. 5. Schedule of Work Work Scheduled Period Remarks Studying revious work on Hoarding July Aug 2012 Complete Identifying Problem Sept 2012 Complete Innovating New Approach Oct 2012 Ongoing Integrating with Mobile Arena as solution to Hoarding Nov- Dec 2012 - Simulation And Testing Jan 2013 - Optimization Feb 2013 - Simulation And Testing Mar 2013 - Writing thesis Wo rk / Journal Publication Apr May 2013 - 6. Conclusion In this literature survey we have discussed previous related work on hoarding. We have also given the requirements for the new technique that is planned to be design.Also we are suggesting a new approach that is coming under the category of Hoarding with Data Mining Techniques. Recent studies have shown that the use of proposed technique i. e. Zipfs-Like law for caching over the web contents have modify the hit ratio to a greater extent. Here with this work we are expecting improvements in hit ratio of the local hoard. References 1. James J. Kistler and Mahadev Satyanarayanan. Disconnected Operation in the Coda File System. ACM Transactions on figurer Systems, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 325, 1992. 2. Mahadev Satyanarayanan. The Evolution of Coda. ACM Transactions on Computer Systems, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 85124, 2002 3. Geoffrey H. Kuenning and Gerald J. Popek. Automated Hoarding for Mobile Computers.In Proceedings of the 16th ACM Sympo sium on Operating System Principles (SOSP 1997), October 58, St. Malo, France, pp. 264275, 1997. 4. Yucel Saygin, Ozgur Ulusoy, and Ahmed K. Elmagarmid. Association Rules for Supporting Hoarding in Mobile Computing Environments. In Proceedings of the 10th IEEE Workshop on Research Issues in Data Engineering (RIDE 2000), February 2829, San Diego, pp. 7178, 2000. 5. Rakesh Agrawal and Ramakrishna Srikant, Fast Algorithms for Mining Association Rules. In Proceedings of the twentieth International Conference on Very Large Databases, Chile, 1994. 6. GUO Peng, Hu Hui, Liu Cheng. The Research of Automatic Data Hoarding Technique Based on Hyper Graph.Information Science and Engineering (ICISE), 1st International Conference, 2009. 7. Huan Zhou, Yulin Feng, Jing Li. Probability graph based data hoarding for mobile environment. Presented at Information & Software Technology, pp. 35-41, 2003. 8. Carl Tait, Hui Lei, Swarup Acharya, and Henry Chang. Intelligent File Hoarding for Mobile Computers. In Proceedings of the 1st Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (MOBICOM95), Berkeley, CA, 1995. 9. Anna Trifonova and Marco Ronchetti. Hoarding content for mobile learning. Journal International Journal of Mobile Communications archive Volume 4 Issue 4, Pages 459-476, 2006. 10. Kwong Yuen Lai, Zahir Tari, Peter Bertok.Improving Data Accessibility for Mobile Clients through Cooperative Hoarding. Data Engineering, ICDE proceedings twenty-first international Conference 2005. 11. G. Zipf, Human Behavior and the Principle of Least Effort. Addison-Wesley, 1949. 12. Chentao Wu, Xubin He, Shenggang Wan, Qiang Cao and Changsheng Xie. Hotspot Prediction and Cache in Distributed Stream-processing Storage Systems. Performance Computing and Communications Conference (IPCCC) IEEE 28th International, 2009. 13. Lei Shi, Zhimin Gu, Lin Wei and Yun Shi. An Applicative Study of Zipfs Law on Web Cache International Journal of Information Technology Vol. 12 No. 4 2006. 14. Web link http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Zipf%27s_law